Ans 2-CSR is a fluid detachment of macula layers from their supporting tissue. This allows choroidal fluid to leak into the subretinal space. The build-up of fluid seems to occur because of small breaks in the retinal pigment epithelium. CSR is sometimes called idiopathic CSR which means that its cause is unknown. Nevertheless, stress appears to play an important role. An oft-cited but potentially inaccurate conclusion is that persons in stressful occupations, such as airplane pilots, have a higher incidence of CSR.

CSR has also been associated with cortisol and corticosteroids Recently found evidence has also implicated Helicobacter pylori (see gastritis) as playing a role. Recent evidence also shows that sufferers of MPGN Type II kidney disease can develop retinal abnormalities including CSR caused by deposits of the same material that originally damaged the glomerular basement membrane in the kidneys.

Men are more likely to develop central serous choroidopathy than women, particularly in their 30s to 50s. Stress is a major risk factor. Some studies suggest that people with aggressive, "type A" personalities who are under a lot of stress may be more likely to develop central serous retinopathy. Other factors that may increase your risk for central serous choroidopathy are:

Use of steroids (by mouth, through a vein or even inhaled)
Caffeine
Hypertension (high blood pressure)

If patient have central serous retinopathy, his central vision will be distorted. In addition to distorted central vision, his vision may also appear blurred or dim. He may have a blind spot in his central vision. He may also notice a distortion of straight lines in his affected eye, or objects may appear smaller or further away than they actually are. When he look at a white object, it may appear to have a brownish tinge or appear duller in color.

The diagnosis usually starts with a dilated examination of the retina, followed with confirmation by optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography. The angiography test will usually show one or more fluorescent spots with fluid leakage. In 10%-15% of the cases these will appear in a "classic" smoke stack shape. Indocyanine green angiography can be used to assess the health of the retina in the affected area which can be useful in making a treatment decision. An Amsler grid could be useful in documenting the precise area of the visual field involved.

Most cases of central serous retinopathy clear up in one or two months without any treatment. During this time, Ophthalmologist will monitor patient eye to see if the liquid is being reabsorbed. If patient have severe vision loss, or if the leakage is severe or does not go away, he may be helped by laser treatment or photodynamic therapy to seal the leak and restore vision. Most people with central serous retinopathy regain good vision even without treatment. However, vision may not be as good as it was before the condition appeared. About half of patients who have had central serous retinopathy will have it return. It is important to have regular, thorough follow-up exams with Ophthalmologist since long-term fluid accumulation can lead to permanent vision loss.

Vitreo Retinal Surgery. Most cases of central serous retinopathy clear up in one or two months without any treatment. During this time, Ophthalmologist will monitor patient eye to see if the liquid is being reabsorbed. If patient have severe vision loss, or if the leakage is severe or does not go away, he may be helped by laser treatment or photodynamic therapy to seal the leak and restore vision. Most people with central serous retinopathy regain good vision even without treatment. However, vision may not be as good as it was before the condition appeared. About half of patients who have had central serous retinopathy will have it return. It is important to have regular, thorough follow-up exams with Ophthalmologist since long-term fluid accumulation can lead to permanent vision loss.

Ans 8- The outcomes for CSR is generally excellent. Whilst immediate vision loss may be as poor as 20/200, clinically over 90% of patients regain 20/30 vision or better within 6 months.

Once the fluid has resolved, by itself or through treatment, visual acuity should continue to improve and distortion should reduce as the eye heals. However, some visual abnormalities can remain even if visual acuity is measured at 20/20, and lasting problems include decreased night vision, reduced color discrimination, and localized distortion caused by scarring of the sub-retinal layers.

Complications include subretinal neovascularization and pigment epitheliopathy. The disease can re-occur causing progressive vision loss.

There is also a chronic form, titled as Type II Central Serous Retinopathy, this occurs in approximately 5% of cases. This exhibits diffuse rather than focalized abnormality of the pigment epithelium, producing a persistent subretinal fluid. The serous fluid in these cases tends to be shallow rather than dome shaped. Prognosis for this condition is less favorable and continued clinical consultation is advised.

10-Most cases of central serous retinopathy clear up in one or two months without any treatment. During this time, Ophthalmologist will monitor patient eye to see if the liquid is being reabsorbed. If patient have severe vision loss, or if the leakage is severe or does not go away, he may be helped by laser treatment or photodynamic therapy to seal the leak and restore vision. Most people with central serous retinopathy regain good vision even without treatment. . It is important to have regular, thorough follow-up exams with Ophthalmologist since long-term fluid accumulation can lead to permanent vision loss.

The expense depends upon the grades and severity of disease.