Damage to normal blood vessels
Retinal blood vessels that are damaged through injury or trauma can cause a vitreous haemorrhage. Some eye problems can also cause damage to the blood vessels of the retina, such as retinal detachment . A retinal vein occlusion can also cause vitreous haemorrhage, as it blocks the veins that feed the retina, which may then bleed into the vitreous ‘gel’.

Growth of abnormal blood vessels
Some eye conditions can cause the growth of abnormal blood vessels that bleed into the vitreous ‘gel’ of the eye. The later stages of diabetic retinopathy , some retinal vein occlusions , and occasionally wet ARMD can cause abnormal, delicate blood vessels to grow and bleed into the vitreous cavity.

Bleeding from other parts of the eye
Occasionally, blood from another source can cause a vitreous haemorrhage. While it is very rare, a haemorrhage in another part of the eye, or even a tumour, can cause blood to leak through into the vitreous ‘gel’.

Patients having injury or trauma,retinal detachment ,retinal vein occlusion ,diabetic retinopathy and wet ARMD are more risk of having vitreous hemorrhage.

Common symptoms of vitreous hemorrhage include:

Blurry vision
Floaters- faint cobweb-like apparitions floating through the field of vision
Reddish tint to vision
Photopsia – brief flashes of light in the peripheral vision.

Small vitreous hemorrhage often manifests itself as "floaters". A moderate case will often result in dark streaks in the vision, while dense vitreous hemorrhage can significantly inhibit vision.

Vitreous hemorrhage is diagnosed by identifying symptoms, examining the eye, and performing tests to identify cause. Some common tests include:

- Examination of the eye with a microscope
- Pupil dilation and examination
- An ultrasound examination may be used if the doctor does not have a clear view of the back of the eye
- Blood tests to check for specific causes such as diabetes
- A CT scan to check for injury around the eye
- Referral to a retinal specialist.

The treatment method used depends on the cause of the hemorrhage. In most cases, the patient is advised to rest with the head elevated 30–45°, and sometimes to put patches over the eyes to limit movement prior to treatment in order to allow the blood to settle. The patient is also advised to avoid taking medications that cause blood thinning (such as aspirin or similar medications).

The goal of the treatment is to fix the cause of the hemorrhage as quickly as possible. Retinal tears are closed by Laser treatment or cryotherapy, and detached retinas are reattached surgically.

Even after treatment, it can take months for the body to clear all of the blood from the vitreous. In cases of vitreous hemorrhage due to detached retina,long-standing vitreous hemorrhage with a duration of more than 2–3 months, or cases associated with rubeosis iridis or glaucoma, a vitrectomy may be necessary to remove the standing blood in the vitreous.

Vitrectomy is the surgical removal of the vitreous gel from the middle of the eye . It may be done when there is a retinal detachment, because removing the vitreous gel gives ophthalmologist better access to the back of the eye. The vitreous gel may also be removed if blood in the vitreous gel (vitreous hemorrhage) does not clear on its own.

During a vitrectomy, the surgeon inserts small instruments into the eye, cuts the vitreous gel, and suctions it out. After removing the vitreous gel, the surgeon may treat the retina with a laser (photocoagulation), cut or remove fibrous or scar tissue from the retina, flatten areas where the retina has become detached, or repair tears or holes in the retina or macula.

At the end of the surgery, silicone oil or a gas is injected into the eye to replace the vitreous gel and restore normal pressure in the eye.

The outcomes are satisfactory .Vitrectomy has been shown to greatly improve visual acuity in many people who have severe vitreous hemorrhage that has not cleared on its own. A vitrectomy can decrease the risk of severe bleeding in people who have begun to have bleeding into the vitreous gel. It can also reduce the risk of severe bleeding in people with growth of abnormal blood vessels in the iris.

In general, surgery can restore some vision that is lost as a result of traction retinal detachment and may help prevent further detachment. But the results tend to be better when the detachment has not affected the center of the retina (macula) and the central vision it provides.

Complications of vitreous hemorrhage typically occur if blood has been present for more than one year.

Hemosiderosis bulbi is a serious complication thought to be caused by iron toxicity as hemoglobin is broken down. Since hemolysis occurs slowly, the iron-binding capacity of proteins in the vitreous usually outpaces the slow rate of hemolysis, thereby avoiding hemosiderosis bulbi. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy. After vitreous hemorrhage, proliferative vitreoretinopathy can occur. It is thought that macrophages and chemotactic factors induce fibrovascular proliferation, which can lead to scarring and subsequent retinal detachment.

Ghost cell glaucoma. Ghost cells are spherical, rigid, khaki-colored red blood cells filled with denatured hemoglobin present in long-standing vitreous hemorrhage. If these cells gain access to the anterior chamber, their shape and rigidity can block the trabecular meshwork, resulting in ghost cell glaucoma.

Hemolytic glaucoma. In hemolytic glaucoma, free hemoglobin, hemoglobin-laden macrophages and red-blood cell debris can block the trabecular meshwork.

Patients should be followed periodically to monitor for clearing of the vitreous hemorrhage. If the patient has systemic disease, such as diabetes, follow-up with a primary care provider should also be recommended. If an adequate view to the posterior pole is not possible, patients should be reevaluated every two or three weeks with B- scan ultrasonagraphy to exclude a retinal break or detachment. In the event of recurrent vitreous hemorrhage, referral to a retinal specialist for possible vitrectomy is warranted.

The expense depends upon the grades of treatment.