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 Dr. Sanjay Dhawan
Entropion
What Causes it?
Who are at risk?
What are the symptoms & signs?
How is it diagnosed?
What is the treatment?
What are the surgical options?
What are the outcomes & complications?
 
What is it?
  Entropion is a medical eye condition in which the eyelid folds inwards, usually the lower eyelid, but the condition also exists with the upper eyelid. The patient's eyelashes and skin rub against the cornea of the eye.
What causes it?
  Aging - as we get older there is more loose skin around the eyelids, the muscles under the eyes weaken, and the tendons and ligaments relax more.

Scarring - scarred skin may be caused by trauma, surgery, radiation to the face, or chemical burns. Scarring can alter the normal curvature of the eyelid.

Infections - trachoma, an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Chalmydia trachomatis can cause the inner surface of the eyelids to become rough and scar. The infection is uncommon in developed nations, but affects tens of millions of people globally.

Spasm
- eye surgery, for example, can result in spasms in the eyelid, which can cause it to fold inwards.

Congenital - in some rare cases, entropion is present when the baby is born.

Who are at risk?
 

Entropion is very rare in children and young adults, and typically occurs in patients over the age of 60 years. Patients having infection in the eye like trachoma are more prone to have entropion.

What are the symptoms & signs?
 

Entropion signs and symptoms may include: A strange sensation in the eye, as if there is something stuck in it ,Excessive tearing onto the face (epiphora) ,Eyelid crusting, or eye mucous discharge, Irritation in the eye,Pain in the eye, Photophobia (the eye is sensitive to light, The eye is very sensitive to wind, The skin around the eye sags ,The whites of the eyes become red ,Vision problems, especially if there is damage to the cornea .

How is it diagnosed?
  An Ophthalmologist can usually diagnose entropion easily with a routine physical examination of the eye, this may involve pulling on the eyelids, asking the patients to close his/her eyes tightly or blink hard. Special diagnostic tests are not usually required.
What is the treatment?
 

If symptoms are mild, the doctor may simply prescribe eye drops to sooth some of the symptoms. In most other cases the patient will probably require surgery.

Infection and/or active inflammation - often, after an infection and/or inflammation has been successfully treated, the eyelid stops folding inwards and returns to its normal position. Unfortunately, this does not always happen and the eyelid still causes problems.

If surgery is not possible at that moment, or if the patient does not want to undergo surgery, the following temporary treatments may help: Transparent skin tape - this is stuck to the eyelid to stop it from folding inwards. One end is placed near the lower eyelashes while the other is stuck to the upper cheek. It is important that the medical staff teach the patient how to do this properly.

Special stitches - up to three stitches are placed along the eyelid, which force it to turn outward. Even after the stitches are removed, the eyelid is usually kept in its normal position for a several months. This can be done at a doctor's office with local anesthesia. Experts stress that although effective, this solution is just a temporary one.

Botox (OnabotulinumtoxinA) - the doctor injects some Botox into the lower eyelid, which usually forces it to turn outwards. A series of injections are required. The positive effects are temporary, and will not last more than six months. Patients with temporary entropion may prefer this procedure, because by the time the Botox's effects have gone, so has the temporary entropion.

What are the surgical options?
 

There are several effective types of surgery available for treating entropion. Which one the doctors recommends, depends on several factors, including what is causing it, the state of the surrounding tissue, the patient's age and overall health, etc.

Aging - if the entropion is the result of muscle, ligament and tendon relaxation, which is caused by age, the surgeon will take out a tiny part of the lower eyelid, thus making the tendons and muscles tighten. The patient will come out of the procedure with some stitches either on the outside corner of the eye, or just under the (lower) eyelid.

Scar tissue - if the condition is caused by scar tissue or a previous surgical procedure, the surgeon may take some skin from either behind the ear or the upper eyelid and graft it onto the lower eyelid.

What are the outcomes and complications?
 

Most patients experience immediate resolution of the problem once surgery is completed with little ,if any, post operative discomfort .After the eyelids heal, the eye will feel comfortable and will not no longer have the risk of corneal scarring, infection and loss of vision.

The cornea can become irritated and damaged. A corneal ulcer may also develop, which can become infected and lead to severe loss of vision if not treated promptly.

Corneal abrasions may also occur - there is loss of the surface of the epithelial layer of the cornea.

What is the time course and cost of treatment?
 

Most patients experience immediate resolution of the problem once surgery is completed with little ,if any, post operative discomfort .After the eyelids heal, the eye will feel comfortable and will not no longer have the risk of corneal scarring, infection and loss of vision.

The expense depends upon the grades of treatment.

 
Author: Dr. Prabhati Mukherjee
Date: 16 November 2011
   

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